Processus d’intégration de l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque dans le secteur de l’habitat en Algérie : l’impact de la morphologie urbaine sur l’évaluation du potentiel solaire à Laghouat

Abstract

This thesis lays the foundation for a process to integrate the solar photovoltaic (PV) potential of the housing sector into urban planning. The proposed methodology combines engineering, statistical and parametric methods. First, the engineering method involves solar simulations of residential typologies to determine the annual solar radiation received. It takes into account losses due to roof obstacles, shading from the surrounding environment and minimum spacing between PV panels. Subsequently, the statistical method is used to estimate the total area of residential roofs, the effective area suitable for PV installation and the urban and technical PV potential. The results for each typology are extrapolated to the scale of the municipality for spatial distribution using the Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on these results, an aggregation model is established in order to calculate the energy balance and classify the units that, similar to cells, can be considered as negative, positive or neutral according to the differential between solar energy supply potentials and existing energy consumption patterns. This aggregation also allows to relate a variety of morphological determinants such as street layout, building orientation, density and land use, which have a great influence on solar energy production. At this stage, in order to limit the impact of solar exposure on outdoor thermal comfort, a parametric study was performed, based on innovative numerical tools, aiming at a compromise between energy and environmental considerations to guide future designs. Applied to the municipality of Laghouat, the results identify the "utilisation factor " for each residential typology and demonstrate that the deployment of distributed rooftop PV systems offers a significant technical potential, which could cover up to 55% of annual electricity needs. Furthermore, the statistical aggregation suggests a smart sharing model ix that manages residential typologies according to their solar production potential and achieves a Net-Zero Energy (NZE) neighborhood. Finally, the results of the parametric approach, communicated in an interactive dashboard, offer reliable indications and design scenarios for collective housing projects in order to improve their solar potential and the level of outdoor thermal comfort in this climate zone.